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The Contrast Media

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¡@¡@¤HÅ颿¥úÀˬdªº­ì²z¡A¬O¦]¬°¤HÅé¾¹©x²Õ´ªº±K«×¤Î¨ä­ì¤l§Ç¤£¦P¡A¹ï©Ò±µ¨üªº¢æ¥ú§l¦¬«Y¼Æ¤£ºÉ¬Û¦P¡A­P¨Ï¦b¢æ¥ú³n¤ù¤W§e²{¤£¦Pªº¶Â¤Æ«×¡A¦Ó±N¨ä¼v¹³¤§¶Â¤Æ²`²L«×ªí²{¦b¢æ¥ú³n¤ù¤W¡A¦p°©®æ¡B¦Ù¦×¡B¯×ªÕ¤ÎªÅ®ð©M¤ôµ¥¡A§¡¯à²M·¡¦a¤À¿ë¡C¦p°©Àf¥»¨­«K¬O±K«×«D±`°ªªº²Õ´¡A¨ä¤¤§t¦³«ÜÂ×´I¶t½è¥H¤Î¥iªý¾×©ñ®g½uªºÆQÃþ(radiopaque salts) ¯à±N©Ò¬ï³zªº¢æ¥ú¤©¥H§l¦¬¨Ï¨äµLªk¥þ³¡³z¹L¡A³Ì«á¦b¢æ¥ú¤ù¤W§e²{¿@«×¸û²Hªº¼v¹³¡C¦Ó°©Àf¥|¶g³Q³n²Õ´©Ò³ò¶¡A°©Àf¥»¨­¤º³¡¤S¥Rº¡¤F°©Åè(bone marrow)²Õ´»P¥~³¡¥|¶g©Ò³ò¶ªº³n²Õ´¡A¦b¢æ¥ú¤ù¤Wªí²{¥X³sÄò©Êªº¶Â¤Æ«×¡C¤S¬Y¨Ç§t¦³ªÅ®ðªº²Õ´¦pªÍ(lung)¡B»óÄu(paranasal sinuses) µ¥¡A«o»P¾Fªñªº°©Àf²Õ´¬Û¹ï¦aªí²{¥X±j¯Pªº¶Â¥Õ¹ï¤ñ«×¡C¦]¦¹¡A§Ú­Ì«K§Q¥Î¤HÅé¦U³¡¥÷²Õ´¾¹©x¹ï¢æ¥ú®g½u¤£¦Pªº§l¦¬«Y¼Æ¦Ó±N¨ä¼v¹³§ë¼v¦b¢æ¥ú³n¤ù¤W¡C³Ì«á§Ú­Ì¦A®Ú¾Ú°ò¦Âå¾Ç¡]¸Ñ­å¾Ç¡B¥Í²z¾Ç¡B¯f²z¾Ç¤ÎÁ{§ÉÂå¾Çµ¥¡^¦U¤è­±ª¾Ãѹï§ë¼v¦b¢æ¥ú¤ù¤Wªº¼v¹³°µ¶EÂ_§PŪ¡C

¡@¡@§Ú­Ì¦b¤@¯ëªº¢æ¥ú¯À¤ù(plain film)¤¤¥i²M·¡¦a¬Ý¨ì¾ã­ÓµÇŦ(kidney)ªº¥~§Î½ü¹ø¡A¥D­n¬O¦]¬°¦bµÇŦªº¥|¶g³Q¯×ªÕ©Ò³ò¶¡A¦ý¬OµÇ·ø(calyx)ªº³¡¥÷¦b¢æ¥ú¯À¤ù¤W«KµLªk¬Ý¨ì¡C¯á´Õ¨â®Çªº¸y¤j¦Ù³n²Õ´±K«×¥i¥H²M·¡¬Ý¨ì¬O¦]¬°: ¸y¤j¦Ù¤W¬q¬O³QµÇ®Ç¯×ªÕ (perirenal fat) ©ÒŨ¦«¥X¨Ó¡A¦Ó¨ä¤U¬q«h¬O¥ÑµÇŦ«áªÅ¶¡¯×ªÕ (pararenal space fat) ©ÒŨ¦«§Î¦¨(2)¡C¦P¼Ë¦a¡A¦]¬°¨ü¨ì¶Ã®g½uªºÃú¤Æ(lack of contrast)¡A¨Ï±o¤@¨Ç²Ó¤pªº²Õ´¾¹©x¶g³òÁöµM¤]¦³¯×ªÕ²Õ´³ò¶¡A«o¤]µLªk²M·¡¦a¤À¿ë¡C¦]¦¹¡A¬°¤F¯à¤À¿ë¤HÅ餣¦P¦Ó±K«×¤S«Ü±µªñªº²Õ´¾¹ºÞ¡A¹ï¤ñ¾¯(Contrast media, CM)¦]¦¹¦Ó³Qµo®i¥X¨Ó¡C

¡@¡@CM¥i¤À¬°¨Ï¥Î°ª­ì¤l§Çªº¤¸¯À°µ¬°¶§©ÊÅã¼v¹ï¤ñ¾¯(positive contrast media)©M§C­ì¤l§Çªº­ì¯À°µ¬°³±©ÊÅã¼v¹ï¤ñ¾¯(negative contrast media)¡C

  1. ¶§©ÊÅã¼v¹ï¤ñ¾¯positive contrast media:

    a. ²¸»Ä¾X»s¾¯barium sulphate¡]«UºÙ¾XÀ\¡^¡C
    b. ¦³¾÷¸Kªº¤Æ¦Xª«organic iodine compounds¡C
  2. ³±©ÊÅã¼v¹ï¤ñ¾¯negative contrast media:

    a. ªÅ®ðair¡C
    b. ®ñ®ðoxygen¡C
    c. ¤G®ñ¤ÆºÒcarbon dioxide¡C

¨Ï¥Î¶§©ÊÅã¼v³y¾¯ªº¤èªk¦³«Ü¦hºØ¡G

  1. §Q¥Î¦åºÞª`®g (intravascular injection)¡C
  2. ÂÇ¥ÑÅ餺¾¹©x±NCMªº¶°¤¤(concentrated)¡B±Æªn©Î¤Àªc(exceted)¦Ü¯S©w¾¹©x¤¤ªº¯S©Ê¨Ó°µÀˬd¡C¨Ò¦p¡Gurography and cholecystography ªºÀˬd¡C
  3. Âǥѧ]Ã`ªº¤è¦¡(ingested)¡A¦p§Q¥Î¾XÀ\Àˬd(barium meal examination)¡C
  4. ª½±µ±NCMª`®g¨ì©Ò­nÀˬdªº¾¹©x¤¤¡C¨Ò¦p¡Gretrograde pyelography
  5. ±NCMª`¤J«á¡A¨ÏßÓª«¬y¨ì©Ò­nÀˬdªº³¡¦ì©Î¾¹©x¡]³q±`¬O²¾°Ê¯f¤Hªº«º¶Õ¤ÎÅé¦ì¡^¡C¨Ò¦p¡G¯áÅèµÄ³y¼v(myelography)¡C

¤W­zªº³o¨ÇÀˬd¤èªk¬O±N©Ò­nÀˬdªº¸Ñ­å³¡¦ì¤Î¾¹©x¡A§Q¥Î¶§©ÊCM¤©¥HÅã¼v¥H¹F¨ì¤À¿ë¤£¦P¾¹©x°µ¬°¶EÂ_ªº¥Øªº¡C¨Ï¥ÎCM®É¡A¬O¨ü¨ì¤U¦C¤­¶µ­«­n¦]¯À©Ò¼vÅT¡G

  1. ¬r©ÊToxicity
  2. ·í¥¦³Q¨Ï¥Î¦b§½³¡©Î¬O¤£½×¬O¦b¨­Å骺¥ô¦ó¦a¤è®É¡A¥¦³£¥²»Ý¬OµL¬r©Ê(non-toxic)©M¦w¥þªº(safe)¡C

  3. ¸K¿@«×Iodine concentration
    1. ¦³®É¬°Á×§K©Ò¨Ï¥ÎªºCM¦bª`®g¨ì¤HÅ餺¦Ó³Q¤j¶qµ}ÄÀ¡A¦¹®É¥i¨Ï¥Î¿@«×¸û°ªªºCM¡A¦p: angiocardiography¡C©Î¬O¨Ï¥Î¦b¤f®|¸û²Ó¤pªº¦åºÞ(vessel)¤Î¾¹©x(organ)¡A¦p: sialography¡C
    2. ¦Ó¤S¦³¬Y¤@¨ÇÀˬd¬°Á×§K¦]CM¿@«×¤j°ª­P¨Ï¢æ¥úµLªk³z¹L¦ÓµLªk§PÂ_¦b¾¹©x¤º¬O§_¦³¸~½F©Î²§ª«¡A¦p: ¿éÁxºÞ¢æ¥úÄá¼v³N(choledochography) ¦b¨Ï¥ÎCM®É¡A¨ä¿@«×¤£¶·¤Ó¿@¥H§K³y¦¨¢æ¥úµLªk³z¹L¦Ó¨Ï±oµ²¥ÛµLªk²M·¡¦a³Q¶EÂ_¥X¨Ó¡C
  1. ÂH¸Y«×Viscosity
    1. ¦b¬Y¨ÇÀˬd¨Ï¥ÎÂH¸Y«×§CªºCM¬O¥²»Ýªº¡A¦]¬°Àˬd¤¤¥²»Ý¨Ï¥Î¤j¶q¦Ó¥B§Ö³tªºª`®g®É¡A·|¦]¬°CMªºÂH¸Y«×¤Ó°ª¦Ó¼vÅT§Ö³t¤j¶qª`®gCM­P¨ÏCM³Qµ}ÄÀ¡A¦p: angiocardiography¡C
    2. ¬Û¤Ï¦a°µhysterosalpingography®É¡A«h¶·­n§l¦¬¤ÎÂX´²¸ûºCªºCM¡C
  1. «ù¤[©ÊPersistence
    1. ¦³¬Y¨ÇCMª`¤J¤HÅé«á¥iº¢¯d¦b¤HÅ餺¤@¬q«Üªøªº®É¶¡¡A¬Æ­P¥iº¢¯d¦bÅ餺¦n´X¦~ (¦p: ª`®g«áªºCM¶i¤J¸£¤ºªºÁwºÅ (abscess) ¤¤©Î¬O¦b²O¤Ú¸¢¨t²Î (lymphatic)   system)¡C¦]¦¹¡A¥i°µ¬°«ùÄòµû¦ô¯f¨_ªº¶i¦æ¹Lµ{¥H¤Î¥ô¦óÅܤơA¨Ã¥i¥HÅã¥Ü¥XCM¦b·l®`³¡¦ì©Ò¶ñ¥R¥Xªºª¬¤Î¤j¤p¡A¥H«á¥i¤£¥²¦A°µ«áÄòªºª`®gÀˬd¡C
    2. ³q±`¡A¬°¤F¨ÏCM¯à¦b©Ò»Ý­nªº³¡¦ì¡A¨Ã§Ö³t¦a¤À´²¨Ãº¢¯d¤@¬q©Ò»Ý­nªº®É¶¡°µÀˬd¡A©Ò¥H·|±Ä¥Î§Ö³t¦h¦¸ªºª`®g¡A¦p: Ãö¸`µÄÀˬd(arthrogram)¡C
  1. ¥i²V¦X©ÊMisibility
    1. ¹ï©ó¬Y¤@¨ÇªºÀˬd (¦p: renal cyst puncture) ©Òª`®gªºCM¥²¶·¯à»P²Õ´µ²ºc²V¦X¡C
    2. ¥t¥~¨ä¥LªºÀˬd®É¡A¤S§Æ±æCM¯à°÷»E¦X¦b¤@°_°µ¬°Æ[¹î²Õ´ªº¸Ñ­åµ²ºc¡C¦]¦¹¡A¦p¯á´ÕµÄ¢æ¥úÄá¼v³N(myelography)±`¨Ï¥Îªo©ÊªºCM(oily contrast medium)¡A¦Ó¤£¯àª`®g¨ººØ·|»P¸£¯á´Õ²G(cerebro-spinal fluid)²V¦XªºCM¡C¤£¹L¥Ø«e¥H¤j¦h¨Ï¥Î¤ô·»©Êªº«DÂ÷¤l©Ê¹ï¤ñ¾¯Àˬd¡A©óÀˬd§¹¦¨«á§Y¥i¨³³t§l¦¬¡C

¡@¡@¦b¥Ø«e¨Ï¥Î¤¤ªºCM¸g¤£Â_ªº§ï¨}¡A¦]¦¹¦UºØ¤£¦PªºßÓ¼t©Ò¥Í²£¥X¨ÓªºßÓ«~³£«D±`¬Û¦ü¡C¤j³¡¥÷ªº¶§©Ê¹ï¤ñ¾¯³£¬O§Q¥Î¦³¾÷¸K¤Æ¦Xª«(organic iodine compounds)¡A¦Ó¨Ï¥Î©ó®ø¤Æ¹D¨t²Î(alimentary tract system)ªº¶§©Ê¹ï¤ñ¾¯«h¬°Äa¯B©Êªº²¸»Ä¾X(barium sulphate)»s¾¯¡C

¡@¡@¥Ø«e¡y¶Ç²Î¡z§t¸KªºCM¬O¤ô·»©Êªº¡A¥H soldium and/or meglumine µ²¦X tri-iodinate benzoic acids (¦w®§­»»Ä) ¦Ó¦¨¡C³o¨ÇðSÃþ¥i¥H§¹¥þ¤À¸Ñ¦b¤ô·»²G¸Ì¡A¨Ï¨C­Ó¤À¤l´£¨Ñ¤@­Ó³±Â÷¤l(anion)©M¤@­Ó¶§Â÷¤l(cation)¡A³o¨â­ÓÂ÷¤l³£¨ã¦³¦P¼Ëªºº¯³z§@¥Î(osmolar effects)¡A¦ý¬O¨ä¤¤¥u¦³³±Â÷¤l¨ã¦³¢æ¥úµLªk³z¹Lªº(radiopaque)¯S©Ê¡C³oºØCM¨ã¦³«D±`°ªªºº¯³zÀ£(osmolarity)¡Ð¥i¹F2,200 mosmol/kg¡Ð¦b¥Í²z¾Ç(physiological)¤W¡A¤j¬ù¬Oªº²Ó­M²G©M²Õ´²G(cell and tissue fluid)ªº¥|¡ã¤C­¿(Grainger, 1982)¡C¥¿±`§¿²Gº¯³zÀ£¬°500~800osm/kg H2O (3)¡A¦å¼ß¬°290 mosm/kg H2O (4)¡C

¡@¡@ÁöµM¡A¥Ø«e©Ò»s³yªºCM¤v¸g­°§C¨ä¬r©Ê©M¢æ¥ú³z¹L©Êªº§ï¨}¡C¦ý¬O·í§â¶Ç²ÎªºCMª`®g¨ì°Ê¯ß¦åºÞ¤º(intra-arterially)¡A¯S§O¦bÀV°Ê¯ß¶gÃ䪺°Ê¯ß¦åºÞ(carotid and peripheral arteriography)ªº®É­Ô·|¤´µM¤Þ°_¯f¤Hªºµh­W¡A¦]¦¹¦b³\Àˬd¤¤»Ý­nµ¹¯f¤H¤@¨Çanaesthesia©Î¤j¶qªºÂíÀR¾¯heavy sedation (Powell, 1984)¡C¥D­n¬O¦b°µ¦åºÞÄá¼v³N®É¦]¬°¶Ç²ÎCMªºº¯³z(osmolar)©Ò¤Þ°_ªº¦åºÞÂX±i(vasodilation)(Grainger, 1982) ³y¦¨ªº¡C

¡@¡@¡y§Cº¯³z (low osmolar)¡zªºCMªº¬ã¨s¤v¸g¦b©ñ®gÂå¾Ç¤W³y¦¨¬Û·í¤jªº½ÄÀ»¡A³oÃþªºßÓª«³Q¨Ï¥Î®É¹ï°µ¦åºÞÄá¼vÀˬdªº¯f¤H¡A¥H´X¥G¤£·|¦³µh­Wªº²{¶Hµo¥Í¡A¤]¤£»Ý­n¨Ï¥Îanaesthesia ¤F¡A°£¤F¤p«Ä¡B©Î¬OµLªk°t¦Xªº¯f¤H¡B©Î¬O°µ¤@¨Ç«D±`¤£µÎªAªºÀˬd¦ptranslumbar aortography¡C¦b¥Ø«e©Ò¨Ï¥Î¡y§Cº¯³z¡zªºCM¥]¬A¦³ Iopamidol¡BIohexol ©MOptiray*¡A§¡¬°«DÂ÷¤l©Ê(non-ionic)¡Bnon-dissociating saltsªºCM¡C

¡@¡@¦Ó¨Ï¥Î lower osmolar contrast media «h­n¤ñ¨Ï¥Î conventional contrast media ÁÙ­n¶Q¦n´X­¿¡]¬ù4-6­¿¡^¡C¦]¦¹¡A¨Ï±o¤@¯ë±`³W©ÊªºÀˬd¦p intravenous urography ¨Ï¥Î lower osmolar contrast media ¨Ã¤£´¶¹M¡A¤£¹L¦b¥xÆW¥þ¥Á°·«O¹ï¨Ï¥Î«DÂ÷¤l©ÊCM¤v³vº¥­q¦³¨Ï¥Î³W½d¡CÁ`¦Ó¨¥¤§¡A¨Ï¥Î lower osmolar contrast media ¥i¥H­°§Cº¯³z¹L³t¥H¤ÎÃþ¦ü¹L±Óªº²{¶H¡A¤j¦h¥u¦³¦b¹ï¦³°ªÀI¸sªº¯f¤H®É¤~¨Ï¥Î³oÃþªºCM¡A¥]¬A¤F¡]Grainger, 1984¡^¡G

  1. À¦¨à©M¤p«Ä¡]infants and children¡^¡C
  2. µÇŦ©M¤ßŦ¥\¯à·lÃaªº¯f¤H(patients with renal and /or cardiac imparment)¡C
  3. °©Åè½F¡B¿}§¿¯f©ÎÅI¤Mª¬²Ó­M³h¦åµ¥¯e¯fªº¯f¤H (patients with myelomatosis, diabetes or sickle cell disease)¡C
  4. ²æ¤ô©Êªº¯f¤H¡]poorly hydrated patients¡^¡C
  5. ¹L±Ó©Ê¯f¤H¡]allergic patients, such as asthmatics©Î´¿¸g¨Ï¥Îcontrast media ¦³ÄY­«¤ÏÀ³ªº¯f¤H¡^¡C

¡@

¡@¡@¦pªG¥J²Ó¥h¾\Ū¨C¤@®aßÓ¼t©Ò´£¨ÑªºßÓ«~»¡©ú¤¤«K·|µo²{¡A¦b»¡©úùØ­±·|¹ï¸ÓßÓ¼t©Ò¥Í²£ªºCMªº¤Æ¾Ç¦¨¥÷§@«Ü¸Ô²Ó¦a»¡©ú¡C¤U¦C¹ï¨C¤@ºØÁL¸sªºCM¡BCMªº¿@«×¡B¦UºØCMªº±M¥Î¦WºÙµ¥§¡¦³²M·¡¦aªí¦C©óªí¤@¡C

ªí¤@¡B³q¥Î¤§¢æ¥ú¹ï¤ñ¾¯¡K
Alimentary tract
¡@Barium sulphate suspension
¡@¡@ Micropaque (colloidal).
¡@¡@ Baritop 100 (with carbon dioxide).
¡@¡@ E-Z Paque (with sorbitol, smethicone and dispersing agent and flavouring).
¡@¡@ E-Z-HD (with flavouring).
¡@¡@ E-Z-CAT (for use in CT scanning) (with flavouring).
¡@¡@ Gastrografin (Sodium and meglumine diatrizoate).
¡@¡@ Gastrografin (Sodium and meglumine diatrizoate).
¡@¡@ Gastro-conray (sodium iothalamate).
Biliary tract
¡@(a) Oral
¡@¡@ Solu-Biloptin (calcium ipodate)
¡@¡@ Telepaque (iopanoic acid)

61.4% w/w
66.7% w/w

¡@(b) I/V or Infusion
¡@¡@ Biligrafin Forte (meglumine iodipamide)
¡@¡@ Biligram (meglumine ioglycamide)
¡@¡@ Biligram (100 ml infusion)
¡@¡@ Biliscopin (meglumine iotroxinate)
¡@¡@ Biliscopin (meglumine iotroxinate (100 ml infusion)


250 mg/ml
176 mg/ml
85 mg/ml
180 mg/ml
50 mg/ml

Bronchography
¡@Dionosil aqueous (propyliodone and carboxymethyl cellulose)
¡@Dionosil oily (propyliodone suspension in arachis oil)
¡@Lipiodol viscous

280 mg/ml
60% w/v 340 mg/ml
540 mg/ml

Hystero-salpingography
¡@Diaginol viscous (sodium acetrizoate plus dextran)
¡@Lipiodol viscous
¡@Lipiodol Ultra-Fluide *
¡@Urografin 290 (sodium and meglumine diatrizoate)

40% w/v 260 mg/m
540 mg/ml
480 mg/ml
60% w/v 290 mg/ml

Vascular and urographic agents
¡@
(a) Conventional
¡@¡@
Angiografin
¡@¡@ Angiografin 65% (meglumine diatrizoate)*
¡@¡@ Conray 280 (meglumine iothalamate)
¡@¡@ Conray 420 (sodium iothalamate)
¡@¡@ Conray 480 (sodium iothalamate)
¡@¡@ Cardio-Conray (sodium and meglumine iothalamate)
¡@¡@ Hypaque 25 (sodium diatrizoate)
¡@¡@ Hypaque 45 (sodium diatrizoate)
¡@¡@ Hypaque 65 (sodium and meglumine diatrizoate)
¡@¡@ Urografin 30% (sodium and meglumine diatrizoate)*
¡@¡@ Urografin 60% (sodium and meglumine diatrizoate)*
¡@¡@ Urografin 76% (sodium and meglumine diatrizoate)*
¡@¡@ Urografin 150 (sodium and meglumine diatrizoate)
¡@¡@ Urografin 290 (sodium and meglumine diatrizoate)
¡@¡@ Urografin 310M (meglumine diatrizoate)

305 mg/m
306 mg/ml
280 mg/ml
420 mg/ml
480 mg/ml
400 mg/ml
150 mg/ml
270 mg/ml
390 mg/ml
146 mg/ml
292 mg/ml
370 mg/ml
150 mg/ml
290 mg/ml
310 mg/ml

¡@(b) Low Osmolar
¡@¡@
Hexabrix 280 (sodium and meglumine ioxaglate)
¡@¡@ Hexabrix 320 (sodium and meglumine ioxaglate)
¡@¡@ Niopam 200 (iopamidol)
¡@¡@ Niopam 250 (iopamidol)
¡@¡@ Niopam 300 (iopamidol)
¡@¡@ Niopam 370 (iopamidol)
¡@¡@ Omnipaque 180 (iohexol)
¡@¡@ Omnipaque 240 (iohexol)
¡@¡@ Omnipaque 300 (iohexol)
¡@¡@ Omnipaque 350 (iohexol)

280 mg/ml
320 mg/ml
200 mg/ml
250 mg/ml
300 mg/ml
370 mg/ml
180 mg/ml
240 mg/ml
300 mg/ml
350 mg/ml

¥»ªí¥D­n°Ñ¦ÒDiagnostic Radiography A Concise Practical Manual ²Ä240-242­¶¡C
*¬°¥Ø«e¥»¤H©ÒªA°È³æ¦ì¨Ï¥Î¤§¹ï¤ñ¾¯¡C

Referenc:

  1. Glenda J. Bryan:Diagnostic Radiography A Concise Practical Manual 4th ed. 1987:30, 237-242.
  2. ¸­°¶¦¨:¸¡³¡«æ¯gKUB°ò¥»§PŪ, ¥x¥_:¦X°O¹Ï®Ñ¥Xª©ªÀ, 1994:1, 4.
  3. ¦ó¤¸¶¶°Æ±Ð¨ü:Á{§ÉÃèÀ˾Ç, ¥x¥_Âå¾Ç°|©]¶¡³¡Âå§Þ¨tÁ¿¸q. 1997:1, 26.
  4. ¶À¤Ñ¦u:±m¦â¹Ï¸Ñ¥Í²z¾Ç¤â¥U, 3rd ed. ¥x¥_:¦X°O¹Ï®Ñ¥Xª©ªÀ, Apr. 1994: 1, 6.

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